Inner City Press' Community Reinvestment Reporter

  

     Welcome to Inner City Press’ CRA Report.  Our other Reporters cover the financial services industry, human rights, the Federal Reserve, and other beats.  ICP has published a book about the CRA-relevant topic of predatory lending - click here for sample chapters, a map, and ordering informationCBS MarketWatch of April 23, 2004, says the the novel has "some very funny moments," and that the non-fiction mixes "global statistics and first-person accounts."  The Washington Post of March 15, 2004, calls Predatory Bender: America in the Aughts "the first novel about predatory lending;" the London Times of April 15, 2004, "A Novel Approach," said it "has a cast of colorful characters."  See also, "City Lit: Roman a Klepto [Review of 'Predatory Bender']," City Limits, Oct. 2004.  The Pittsburgh City Paper says the 100-page afterword makes the "indispensable point that predatory lending is now being aggressively exported to the rest of the globe." Click here for that review; click here to Search This Site  Click here for Inner City Press' weekday news reports, from the United Nations and elsewhere.

Click here for Inner City Press' weekday news reports, from the United Nations and elsewhere. Click here for a recent BBC piece on Inner City Press' reporting from the United Nations. New: Follow us on TWITTER   BloggingHeads.tv  Click for March 1, 2011 BloggingHeads.tv re Libya, Sri Lanka, UN Corruption by Inner City Press. 2014: MRL on Beacon Reader  For or with more information, contact us. See, in November 2021, Inner City Press' book "Belt and Roadkill," here


October 14, 2024

UMB Bank Application for Heartland Hit on Disparties Now Info Withheld So FOIA Request

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

SOUTH BRONX / SDNY, Oct 11 – When First Republic Bank failed / was given to JP Morgan Chase, a small list of other regional banks came into focus as in danger. Among them was UMB - a bank whose lending Inner City Press and Fair Finance Watch had been scrutinizing, and now challenge.

  UMB is asking its regulators to allow it to expand, buying Denver-based Heartland. The application, Fair Finance Watch on June 21 formally told the Fed, should not be approved.   In 2022, the most recent year for which Federal data is available, UMB Bank, N.A. made over 2000 mortgage loans to whites, and only 117 loans to African Americans.

 For every denial to an African American, it made only 2.02 loans. But for whites, for every denial it made 3.45 loans. It should be referred to DOJ.    

There is litigation, there is also this, reported at the time of Silicon Valley Bank's failure: "UMB Bank, a regional bank headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, and with branches across the Midwest, Southwest, and Western United States, has total assets of $38 billion and deposits totaling $32 billion, according to the FDIC. However, only 16% of deposits fall under the $250,000 FDIC insurance threshold, leaving 74.11% (equivalent to $28.36 billion) vulnerable to potential losses."   

Why would regulators even consider approving its expansion? On June 21, Fair Finance Watch filed a formal Community Reinvestment Act challenge to UMB's application to the Federal Reserve, adding state by state data:

  UMB Bank in 2022 in Missouri made 842 mortgage loans to whites, and only 76 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 41 applications from African Americans, and only 257 from whites.

    UMB Bank in Colorado - in which it seeks to expand - in 2022 made 378 mortgage loans to whites, and only 13 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied six applications from African Americans, and only 107 from whites.

   UMB Bank in 2022 in Texas made 78 mortgage loans to whites, and only six loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied two applications from African Americans, and only 27 from whites.   

  These disparities cry out for a referral to DOJ, and public hearings on, and denial of, UMB's major expansion application.

On October 11 UMB's outside counsel Davis Polk sent the Fed a response but withheld branch closing, subsidiary, fintech and crypto information from Fair Finance Watch - so Inner City Press cc-ed them on a FOIA request for:

This is a formal FOIA request for the withheld exhibits to UMB's October 11 submission to the Federal Reserve in connection with its protested application to acquire Heartland Financial, in particular "Confidential" Exhibits A and B, including about fintech and branch closings and all activities engaged in by corporate subsidiaries. This is presumptively public; if any is withheld, all reasonably segregable portions should be provided.

UMB recites and responds: 1. Provide a description of the activities conducted by the following UMB subsidiaries: a. UMBCDC, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri; b. UMB Financial Services, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri; c. UMB Management Equity Holdings Inc., Kansas City, Missouri; d. UMB Merchant LLC, Kansas City, Missouri; and e. UMB Asset Management, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri The requested information is included in AIR Confidential Exhibit A. Convenience and Needs 2. Provide an update on UMB Bank’s branch consolidation analysis and confirm whether any of the branches listed in Public Exhibit 3 of the Additional Information Response, dated August 5, 2024 (“August AI Response”) would be consolidated, following consummation of the proposed transaction. The requested information is included in AIR Confidential Exhibit B.  Discuss any plans to engage in crypto-asset-related activities or fintech partnerships. The requested information is included in AIR Confidential Exhibit A.   

Again, this is both important for the public to know and is presumptively public; if any is withheld, all reasonably segregable portions should be provided.

Watch this site.

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October 7, 2024

As First Tech and Digital Credit Unions Seek to Merge Disparate Lending Ignored by NCUA

by Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Book Substack

SOUTH BRONX, Oct 4 – Two tech-focused credit unions announced this week they intend to merge, if they get approval from the National Credit Union Association.

  Digital Federal Credit Union is based on the East Coast, and First Tech is on the West Coast, wanting to follow Microsoft into Atlanta, and Amazon into northern Virginia. 

 But what are their lending records?

According to 2023 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data reviewed be Fair Finance Watch, nationwide in 2023, First Technology Credit Union  made 1532 mortgage loans to whites, and only 41 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 368 applications from whites, and fully 37 from African Americans.     

  Digital Federal nationwide in 2023 made 2196 mortgage loans to whites, and only 178 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 1122 applications from whites, and fully 261 from African Americans. 

   These disparities should result in the denial of the proposed merger. But credit unions are for now not subject to the Community Reinvestment Act, and NCUA refuses to consider such issues. Watch this site

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September 30, 2024

First Busey $1B Bid For CrossFirst Hit by CRA Challenge by Fair Finance Watch on Disparities

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

FEDERAL COURT, Sept 27 – In the Midwest, Busey Bank is trying to move into the Kansas City area via merger, with a disparate lending record. Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA has filed a timely first comment on, the Applications

  Van Dukeman, First Busey's CEO called it a "great fit from a cultural perspective." But consider Busey Bank's culture, its disparate lending record:   

First Busey's Busey Bank in Illinois in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 1163 mortgage loans to whites, and only 772 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 216 applications from whites, and fully 24 from African Americans. Busey Bank should be referred to DOJ. 

Busey Bank in Missouri in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 49 mortgage loans to whites, and onlyseven loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 21 applications from whites, and fully eight from African Americans 

Busey Bank in Indiana in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 22 mortgage loans to whites, and only two loans to African Americans.  

Busey Bank in Florida in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 80 mortgage loans to whites, and only ONE loan to an African American.     

There is litigation, for example under the FCRA, here - dropped without explanation, presumable settled, the FRB should ask First Busey about all outstanding consumer litigation. 

And there was the First Busey board member, Elisabeth Kimmel, caught in the college admissions scandal, here.

Why would regulators even consider approving this merger? Watch this site.

September 23, 2024

In Battleground Michigan Disparate ChoiceOne Eyes Detroit via State Bank Opaque HELOC

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

FEDERAL COURT, Sept 20 – In the battleground state of Michigan, a bank is trying to move into suburban Detroit via merger, with a disparate lending record. Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA has filed a timely first comment on, the Applications ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc., Sparta, Michigan; to merge with Fentura Financial, Inc., and thereby indirectly acquire The State Bank 

  Kelly Potes, ChoiceOne’s CEO said that the proposed "transaction will allow ChoiceOne to strengthen its presence in the suburbs of Detroit while adding the markets of Flint and Saginaw." But consider ChoiceOne's disparate lending record:      

Consider that ChoiceOne Bank in Michigan in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 759 mortgage loans to whites, and only TWENTY to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 246 applications from whites, while denying 10 of the applications that, based on its marketing, it received from African Americans. ChoiceOne should be referred to DOJ.   

Meanwhile The State Bank in Michigan in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 414 mortgage loans to whites, and only THREE to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 36 applications from whites, while denying one of the few applications that, based on its marketing, it received from African Americans. The State Bank should also be referred to DOJ.

On September 17, ChoiceOne calling itself COB wrote in, inter alia, that loans "denied were Home Equity Line of Credit loans, for which no denial reason is given. Reporting denial reasons for HELOCs is optional, rather than mandatory for COB, and COB opts not to report." This is far from a best practice - we'll have more on this.

Why would regulators even consider approving this merger? Watch this site.

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September 16, 2024

CRA Problems with ConnectOne Merger With First of Long Island Fair Finance Watch Finds

by Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Book Substack

SOUTH BRONX, Sept 8 –As ConnectOne Bank and First National Bank of Long Island congratulate themselves on a merger proposal, the preliminary review by Fair Finance Watch finds problems.

  ConnectOne, taking deposits in New York, New Jersey and Florida, in 2023 made only one mortgage loan to an African American applicant.  

  Meanwhile First National Bank of Long Island, after a weak and disparate lending performance in 2023, now lists on its website that mortgages are only offered through Rocket Mortgage. How do and would these two banks - which should be kept separate and not be allowed the merge, under the Community Reinvestment Act, serve communities. It appears that they don't.

 Inner City Press will be FOIA-ing the required applications for regulatory approval when they are filed. Watch this site

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September 9, 2024

Opposing Capital One Discover Fair Finance Watch Raises Case of Customer Info to Meta

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, Sept 4 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying.

On September 4, Fair Finance Watch and Inner City Press submitted supplemental opposition to the regulators, including about a newly filed class action that "demonstrates Capital One's outrageous, illegal, and widespread practice of disclosing—without consent—the Nonpublic Personal Information1 and Personally Identifiable Financial Information2 (together, “Personal and Financial Information”) of Plaintiffs and the proposed Class Members to third parties, including Meta, Google, Microsoft,  DoubleClick, NewRelic, Adobe, Everest, Skai/Kenshoo, Snowplow, BioCatch, Tealium, and possibly others."

After they applied late March 20,  Inner City Press submitted a second Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (and to the Federal Reserve).

On July 26, after a FOIA appeal - and after closing the public comment period - the OCC belatedly gave Inner City Press documents showing Capital One briefed the OCC on a "big" deal in November 2023; it was code named "Project Sirius."

Then overly chummy texts from Andy Navarrete, who testified at the public meeting, and Pient Tran to the OCC's Marci Heppner and others.

For example, Andy to Marci, sorry for the late ping, if Richard wanted to call, could you do a 1:1 Zoom at 7:30 [pm]. But of course. That and more now on Inner City Press' DocumentCloud here

  Inner City Press continues to dig through the records - and to prepare another FOIA appeal.

Back on June 25 the OCC belatedly responded to Inner City Press' FOIA request - by withholding in full 185 pages. OCC FOIA production on DocumentCloud here. Inner City Press appealed.

  On July 24, the very day on which the OCC and Fed said they were closing the written comment period, the OCC upheld in full its FOIA denials, determination letter on Inner City Press' Document Cloud here. When did the Fed start secret talks with Capital One?

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September 2, 2024

In Battleground Michigan Disparate ChoiceOne Eyes Detroit Area via State Bank But Challenge

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

FEDERAL COURT, Aug 27 – In the battleground state of Michigan, a bank is trying to move into suburban Detroit via merger, with a disparate lending record. Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA has filed a timely first comment on, the Applications ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc., Sparta, Michigan; to merge with Fentura Financial, Inc., and thereby indirectly acquire The State Bank 

  Kelly Potes, ChoiceOne’s CEO said that the proposed "transaction will allow ChoiceOne to strengthen its presence in the suburbs of Detroit while adding the markets of Flint and Saginaw." But consider ChoiceOne's disparate lending record:      

Consider that ChoiceOne Bank in Michigan in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 759 mortgage loans to whites, and only TWENTY to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 246 applications from whites, while denying 10 of the applications that, based on its marketing, it received from African Americans. ChoiceOne should be referred to DOJ.   

Meanwhile The State Bank in Michigan in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 414 mortgage loans to whites, and only THREE to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 36 applications from whites, while denying one of the few applications that, based on its marketing, it received from African Americans. The State Bank should also be referred to DOJ.

Why would regulators even consider approving this merger? Watch this site.

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August 26, 2024

The scams and/of the regulators continue - still nothing from the FDIC, nor for a full day and coutning from the Federal Reserve: "This is a request for a copy of the application of Porticoes Capital LLC and Porticoes Investors, LLC;    to become bank holding companies by acquiring Porticoes National Bank (in formation), please confirm receipt & provide the documents - more than a day later, neither had been done...

August 19, 2024

  Can one start a bank that is just a "blank check" entity to buy other banks? The OCC has said yes to Porticoes National Bank and now the FDIC is considering it. Inner City Press / Fair Finance Watch, to give it full consideration, has requested from the FDIC a copy of the application. Twice. And a week after the first request, nothing...


August 12, 2024

SouthState Lending Disparities Triggered CRA Challenge Now Reply Only As To Independent

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

SOUTH BRONX / SDNY, Aug 9 – When First Republic Bank failed / was given to JP Morgan Chase, a small list of other regional banks came into focus as in danger, banks whose lending Inner City Press and Fair Finance Watch had been scrutinizing, even more so that the 2023 data is out.

  This week Inner City Press filed with the Fed, a timely first comment on, the Applications of SouthState Corporation to merge with Independent Bank Group, Inc., and Independent Bank.  

  SouthState in South Carolina in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 5013 mortgage loans to whites, and only 228 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 670 applications from whites, and fully 195 from African Americans. SouthState should be referred to DOJ.  

  SouthState in North Carolina in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 1334 mortgage loans to whites, and only FIFTY SEVEN loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 173 applications from whites, and fully 20 from African Americans. 

   SouthState in Florida in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 2755 mortgage loans to whites, and only 165 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 958 applications from whites, and fully 69 from African Americans.  

  SouthState in Georgia in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 1176 mortgage loans to whites, and only 318 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 304 applications from whites, and fully 88 from African Americans.  

  SouthState in Alabama in 2023 - data not yet included in any CRA exam - made 945 mortgage loans to whites, and only FIFTY ONE loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 87 applications from whites, and fully 17 from African Americans. SouthState should be referred to DOJ.   

 Nationwide in 2023, SouthState made 7798 mortgage loans to whites, and only 947 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied only 2491 applications from whites, and fully 558 from African Americans.  

  Why would regulators even consider approving its expansion? 

Even more so now: on August 9, SouthStreet submitted to the Fed a response - that deals only with Independent Bank.

 Inner City Press is requesting an extension of the public comment period, public / virtual evidentiary hearings and that, on the current record, the applications not be approved

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August 5, 2024

On Capital One Discover OCC In Nov 2023 Called It Big Project Sirius then Andy Texts

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, July 26 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. After they applied late March 20,  Inner City Press submitted a second Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (and to the Federal Reserve).

On July 26, after a FOIA appeal - and after closing the public comment period - the OCC belatedly gave Inner City Press documents showing Capital One briefed the OCC on a "big" deal in November 2023; it was code named "Project Sirius."

Then overly chummy texts from Andy Navarrete, who testified at the public meeting, and Pient Tran to the OCC's Marci Heppner and others.

For example, Andy to Marci, sorry for the late ping, if Richard wanted to call, could you do a 1:1 Zoom at 7:30 [pm]. But of course. That and more now on Inner City Press' DocumentCloud here

  Inner City Press continues to dig through the records - and to prepare another FOIA appeal.

Back on June 25 the OCC belatedly responded to Inner City Press' FOIA request - by withholding in full 185 pages. OCC FOIA production on DocumentCloud here. Inner City Press appealed.

  On July 24, the very day on which the OCC and Fed said they were closing the written comment period, the OCC upheld in full its FOIA denials, determination letter on Inner City Press' Document Cloud here. Inner City Press has requested an extension of the comment periods - the Fed hasn't even responded. When did the Fed start secret talks with Capital One?

July 29, 2024

On Capital One Discover OCC Doubles Down on FOIA Withholding After Predatory Pledge

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, July 24 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. After they applied late March 20,  Inner City Press submitted a second Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (and to the Federal Reserve).

On May 14 - still without providing FOIA documents - the OCC and Fed set a July 19 virtual public meeting.

On the eve of it, Capital One announced a vague and less than credible plan - they previously violated their ING Direct pledge - including this time $75 billion in largely subprime auto loans. Fair Finance Watch testified for three minutes.

On June 25 the OCC belatedly responded to Inner City Press' FOIA request - by withholding in full 185 pages. OCC FOIA production on DocumentCloud here. Inner City Press appealed.

  On July 24, the very day on which the OCC and Fed said they were closing the written comment period, the OCC upheld in full its FOIA denials, determination letter on Inner City Press' Document Cloud here. Inner City Press has requested an extension of the comment periods - the Fed hasn't even responded.

Meanwhile Capitol One lobbying continues, for example with a Pennsylvania state legislator extolling Capital One's  subprime, here.

 As documented by Fair Finance Watch, Discover Bank in 2022 denied mortgage loans application from African Americans more than twice as frequently as those of whites.  It grew worse in the just-out 2023 data.

  Previously, Inner City Press and NCRC challenged Capital One's acquisition of ING Direct, see here.This time, given the antitrust enforcement claims being made in DC, this proposal should be denied. But will it be? Watch this site. 

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July 22, 2024

On Capital One Discover Opposition by Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on FOIA

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, July 19 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. After they applied late March 20,  Inner City Press submitted a second Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (and to the Federal Reserve).

On May 14 - still without providing FOIA documents - the OCC and Fed set a July 19 virtual public meeting.

On the eve of it, Capital One announced a vague and less than credible plan - they previously violated their ING Direct pledge - including this time $75 billion in largely subprime auto loans.

Fair Finance Watch testified, with Inner City Press on the FOIA:

This proposal is anticompetitive, and Capital One is making a mockery of the Community Reinvestment Act, with an absurdly small CRA assessment area and now, at the 11th hour, a cynical pledge that includes $75 billion in subprime, often predatory car lending. 

   How much of this last minute pledge would in fact be subprime? At what interest rates? The regulators should ask, today - and must extend the comment period.        You have and will hear from colleagues about the ongoing lending disparities. I want to focus in my three minutes on the lack of transparency, and the regulatory agencies' role in it.  

  The day the banks announced the proposed merger, Inner City Press submitted Freedom of Information Act requests to both the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.   

  The Fed, as has become a pattern, granted Inner City Press' FOIA request expedited treatment - and then did not provide any of the responsive documents, claiming it needed more time.    The OCC did at least respond to the FOIA request - but it withheld, in full, 193 out of 210 responsive pages.  

  From what was released, it shows three meetings with Capital One and the OCC in February and March, right before the start of the public comment period.  An OCC email says "the purpose of this meeting is to get everyone on the same page out of the gate" in response to an email from Capital One's lawyer. This is called regulatory capture. Can you say, What's in your wallet?     

 ...The Philadelphia National Bank case of the Supreme Court, unlike the Chevron deference relied on not yet overrule, stated that "a merger which produces a firm controlling an undue percentage share of the relevant market, and results in a significant increase in the concentration of firms in that market, is so inherently likely to lessen competition substantially that it must be enjoined in the absence of evidence clearly showing that the merger is not likely to have such anticompetitive effects." 374 U.S. 321 at 363.  

 Here, the presumption has not been rebutted - quite the contrary, given Capital One's rogue and predatory ways, going back to its acquisition of ING Direct and beyond.  On the current record, this proposed merger must be rejected. Capital One's application for regulatory approval must be denied.  

This concludes my remarks, but not my FOIA requests

July 15, 2024

CRA Challenge to Peoples Security Bank FNCB Results in FDIC Fair Lending Condition

By Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Maxwell Book

SOUTH BRONX, July 12 – The FDIC on July 12 imposed a fair lending condition on banks Inner City Press / Fair Finance Watch challenged last November:

"Fair Finance Watch has been reviewing Peoples Security Bank and Trust Company and FNCB Bank including their 2022 HMDA data not taken into account in any CRA exam and finds it troubling.  In Pennsylvania in 2022, Peoples Security Bank and Trust Company made 532 HMDA-reported loans to whites - and only FOUR to African Americans, while denying five applications.   FNCB Bank in Pennsylvania in 2022 made 247 HMDA-reported loans to whites - and only ONE to an African Americans, while denying three applications. A referral should be made to the DOJ for fair lending violations."

At that time, the FDIC wrote: "Matthew Lee, Esquire Executive Director Inner City Press/Fair Finance Watch P.O. Box 20047 New York, New York 10017 Dear Mr. Lee: We received your e-mail dated November 10, 2023, regarding the application for Peoples Security Bank and Trust Company to merge with FNCB Bank. We reviewed your correspondence in accordance with the guidelines of 12 C.F.R. Section 303.2(c) and 303.2(l), and we consider it a protest... Any future comments should be sent to the applicant and to this office."

 The bank's outside counsel Troutman Pepper responded. But now in July 2024: "Dear Mr. Lee:  We are writing to inform you that the FDIC approved Peoples Security Bank and Trust  Company’s application to merge with FNCB Bank.  As part of the application review process, we  investigated the issues you raised in your e-mail dated November 10, 2023, and after conducting  our own analysis, the FDIC approved the application with conditions... In the course of reviewing public input on the application, the FDIC received an adverse  comment from a protester that was considered a CRA protest.  The CRA protest was critical of  Peoples Security Bank and Trust Company’s and FNCB Bank’s home mortgage lending efforts  to Black applicants in Pennsylvania and asserted that the lack of lending was discriminatory and  should be referred to the Department of Justice... After a careful review of the concerns, the FDIC decided to approve the application with the  following condition.  This condition will help ensure Peoples Security Bank and Trust Company  meets the home mortgage lending needs of the Black population in its assessment areas.  Within 30 days of consummation, adopt a Fair Lending Action Plan deemed acceptable by the FDIC to  address low levels of home mortgage applications from, and lending to, Black applicants and borrowers,  and in majority-minority areas, and provide the New York Regional Office with quarterly, written updates  on its progress under the plan."

Watch this site.


July 8, 2024

On Capital One Discover OCC Withholds 185 Pages Inner City Press Appeals as PA Pol Spins

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, July 5 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. After they applied late March 20,  Inner City Press submitted a second Freedom of Information Act request to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (and to the Federal Reserve).

On May 14 - still without providing FOIA documents - the OCC and Fed set a July 19 virtual public meeting.

On June 25 the OCC belatedly responded to Inner City Press' FOIA request - by withholding in full 185 pages. OCC FOIA production on DocumentCloud here. Inner City Press appealed.

Meanwhile Capitol One lobbying continues, for example with a Pennsylvania state legislator extolling Capital One's work with subprime, here. Has he seen their predatory car lending?

  The OCC put part of its application in its reading room. And it is an outrage, Capital One gaming the CRA system. For example "the Proposed Transaction would result in CONA establishing a new assessment area in  Delaware, which will include all census tracts in Sussex County and seven contiguous census  tracts in Kent County."

That for a nationwide card and subprime auto lender...

 As documented by Fair Finance Watch, Discover Bank in 2022 denied mortgage loans application from African Americans more than twice as frequently as those of whites. 

  Previously, Inner City Press and NCRC challenged Capital One's acquisition of ING Direct, see here.This time, given the antitrust enforcement claims being made in DC, this proposal should be dead in the water. Watch this site. 

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June 24, 2024

UMB Bank Application Buy Heartland Now Challenged on Disparties & As Shaky Regional

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

SOUTH BRONX / SDNY, June 21 – When First Republic Bank failed / was given to JP Morgan Chase, a small list of other regional banks came into focus as in danger. Among them was UMB - a bank whose lending Inner City Press and Fair Finance Watch had been scrutinizing, and now challenge.

  UMB is asking its regulators to allow it to expand, buying Denver-based Heartland. The application, Fair Finance Watch on June 21 formally told the Fed, should not be approved.   In 2022, the most recent year for which Federal data is available, UMB Bank, N.A. made over 2000 mortgage loans to whites, and only 117 loans to African Americans.

 For every denial to an African American, it made only 2.02 loans. But for whites, for every denial it made 3.45 loans. It should be referred to DOJ.    

There is litigation, there is also this, reported at the time of Silicon Valley Bank's failure: "UMB Bank, a regional bank headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, and with branches across the Midwest, Southwest, and Western United States, has total assets of $38 billion and deposits totaling $32 billion, according to the FDIC. However, only 16% of deposits fall under the $250,000 FDIC insurance threshold, leaving 74.11% (equivalent to $28.36 billion) vulnerable to potential losses."   

Why would regulators even consider approving its expansion? On June 21, Fair Finance Watch filed a formal Community Reinvestment Act challenge to UMB's application to the Federal Reserve, adding state by state data:

  UMB Bank in 2022 in Missouri made 842 mortgage loans to whites, and only 76 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 41 applications from African Americans, and only 257 from whites.

    UMB Bank in Colorado - in which it seeks to expand - in 2022 made 378 mortgage loans to whites, and only 13 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied six applications from African Americans, and only 107 from whites.

   UMB Bank in 2022 in Texas made 78 mortgage loans to whites, and only six loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied two applications from African Americans, and only 27 from whites.   

  These disparities cry out for a referral to DOJ, and public hearings on, and denial of, UMB's major expansion application.

Watch this site.

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June 17, 2024

Capital One Should Discover Merger Dead But Brags of Access Before July 19 Public Meeting

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, June 12 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. While they applied late March 20, as of 1 pm on March 22 there was no notice of the Federal Reserve's or OCC's websites. Inner City Press submitted second FOIA requests to each agency. Public hearings should be held, not only on antitrust but also lending disparities at both companies. 

 On April 24 the Fed extended its comment period to May 31 - without (yet?) granting public hearings, nor providing the FOIA documents.

  Yet on June 12, this: "June 11 (Reuters) - Capital One Financial Corp: * CAPITAL ONE EXEC SAYS IN CONVERSATION WITH U.S. FEDERAL RESERVE AND OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY ON DISCOVER DEAL - INVESTOR CONFERENCE." In conversation? With no documents provided to the opposed public? Inner City Press / Fair Finance Watch registered for the public meeting, in opposition.

On May 14 - still without providing FOIA documents - the Fed and OCC set a July 19 virtual public meeting. And already, pro merger lobbying had begun, for example here by a group previously identified in a Trenton NJ political quid pro quo scandal.

 Then an SC Astroturf piece, then going green.

Next a former NH Commissioner, and a "former Democratic campaign strategist in Southern Nevada." Unreal.  We'll have more on this.

  The OCC first put its application in its reading room. And it is an outrage, Capital One gaming the CRA system. For example "the Proposed Transaction would result in CONA establishing a new assessment area in  Delaware, which will include all census tracts in Sussex County and seven contiguous census  tracts in Kent County."

That for a nationwide card and subprime auto lender...

 As documented by Fair Finance Watch, Discover Bank in 2022 denied mortgage loans application from African Americans more than twice as frequently as those of whites. 

  Previously, Inner City Press and NCRC challenged Capital One's acquisition of ING Direct, see here.This time, given the antitrust enforcement claims being made in DC, this proposal should be dead in the water. Watch this site. 
May 20, 2024

Supreme Court Upholds CFPB Structure 7-2 Amid Industry Attacks and Merger Proposals

By Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Maxwell Book

SOUTH BRONX, May 16 –  The Texas Bankers Association and ABA managed to finagle a Federal court ruling allowing its and the ABA's members' non-compliance with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's small business data collection rules, pending Supreme Court decision on CFPB's structure and funding. Order here.

Now on May 16, 2024, the Supreme Court has found the CFPB's structure to be Constitutional, by a 7-2 vote. "Congress shielded the Bureau from the influence of the political branches,” Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in the majority opinion for the court.   “Under the Appropriations Clause, an appropriation is simply a law that authorizes expenditures from a specified source of public money for designated purposes. The statute that provides the Bureau’s funding meets these requirements.”

Back on August 11 the two credit union associations wrote it to get a stay - while they themselves try to merge - as Capital One and Discover are now. That should be denied. Watch this site.

May 13, 2024

Amid Attack on CRA FirstSun HomeStreet Bid Hit on Lending Disparities Now Charter Switch

by Matthew Russell Lee

SOUTH BRONX, May 8 – As US bank regulators talk about working to increase the fairness of the financial system, and closely scrutinizing mergers and the spread of bad practices, banks continue to assume they can combine.

  Before the Capital One - Discover proposal, and ABA lawsuit against the Community Reinvestment Act regulation, there was  FirstSun Capital Bancorp of Denver and Dallas saying it will merge with Homestreet, Inc. and Homestreet Bank of Seattle, Washington. 

  On February 23 Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA filed a protest: "FirstSun's flagship Sunflower Bank, in Texas in 2022, made 694 mortgage loans to whites, and only 41 to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 12 applications from African Americans, and only 34 from whites.   This is disparate, and more disparate both than the aggregate in Texas. 

    Nationwide in 2022, Sunflower Bank made 3059 mortgage loans to whites, and only 194 to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 49 applications from African Americans, and only 259 from whites. 

   For the record, on managerial resources and otherwise, note that on September 27, 2023, FirstSun Capital Bancorp, the parent company of Sunflower Bank, Guardian Mortgage and First National 1870 (collectively, “Sunflower”), filed a notice of data breach with the Attorney General of California... an unauthorized party likely took advantage of the flaw in the MOVEit software and downloaded copies of files [containing] personally identifiable information."

  Now FirstSun is simply changing charters to try to get fast approval: FirstSun Capital Bancorp will switch to a Texas state charter rather than a national one as it continues to pursue its acquisition of HomeStreet, the bank announced last week: “In our discussions with the OCC in Washington, it became obvious that we would not gain near-term approval." What a scam.

     FFW and Inner City Press have been deeply concerned about the rush by the Federal Reserve to rubber-stamp mergers by redliners, money launderers and predatory lenders. This has been killing the Community Reinvestment Act and so a timely request public hearings.

May 6, 2024

After Being IDed As Shaky Regional UMB Bank Wants to Buy Heartland But Disparities

by Matthew R. Lee, Patreon Substack

SOUTH BRONX / SDNY, May 1 – When First Republic Bank failed / was given to JP Morgan Chase, a small list of other regional banks came into focus as in danger. Among them was UMB - a bank whose lending Inner City Press and Fair Finance Watch had been scrutinizing. 

  Now UMB, paradoxically, is asking its regulators to allow it to expand, buying Denver-based Heartland. The application, Fair Finance Watch says, should not be approved.   In 2022, the most recent year for which Federal data is available, UMB Bank, N.A. made over 2000 mortgage loans to whites, and only 117 loans to African Americans.

 For every denial to an African American, it made only 2.02 loans. But for whites, for every denial it made 3.45 loans. It should be referred to DOJ.    

There is litigation, there is also this, reported at the time of Silicon Valley Bank's failure: "UMB Bank, a regional bank headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, and with branches across the Midwest, Southwest, and Western United States, has total assets of $38 billion and deposits totaling $32 billion, according to the FDIC. However, only 16% of deposits fall under the $250,000 FDIC insurance threshold, leaving 74.11% (equivalent to $28.36 billion) vulnerable to potential losses."   

Why would regulators even consider approving its expansion? Watch this site.

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April 29, 2024

Capital One Should Discover Merger Dead FRB Extends to May 31 Inner City Press FOIAed Fed

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, April 24 – Capital One has applied to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. While they applied late March 20, as of 1 pm on March 22 there was no notice of the Federal Reserve's or OCC's websites. Inner City Press submitted second FOIA requests to each agency. Public hearings should be held, not only on antitrust but also lending disparities at both companies. 

 On April 24 the Fed extended its comment period to May 31 - without (yet?) granting public hearings, nor providing the FOIA documents.

On April 19  the Fed wrote to extended its time to respond to Inner City Press' February 19 FOIA to May 3

April 22, 2024

  As US bank regulations rubber stamp mergers, they withhold from the public even the applications they are approving. When the OCC put out for comment its FOIA regulations, Inner City Press commented:

April 19, 2024

RE: Docket ID OCC–2022–0008 - FOIA

Acting Comptroller Hsu and others at the OCC:

    Inner City Press, as an active FOIA requester to the OCC, timely comments on your pending regulation to demand that the OCC rule on the propriety of all requests for confidential treatment during the comment period on an application - or automatically extend the comment period.

  Too often, applicant national bank over-request confidential treatment, but benefit from it due to the OCC's slow processing of FOIA requests. Case in point is Capital One / Discover - Inner City Press on February 19 submitted a request for communications between the OCC and the banks. Still none of those records as of April 19, as the comment period is set to close. (We expect it to be extended, but this is not the case on most applications).

  Nor even on the application has the OCC ruled on the propriety of the requests for confidential treatment. This must be addressed by the OCC.

   There is other FOIA problems at the OCC - as well as some polite staffers, we note - but we emphasize the above to ensure consideration and action.

  Expectantly,

 

Matthew R. Lee, Esq., Executive Director
Inner City Press / Fair Finance Watch
Bronx, New York

April 15, 2024

Lakeland Bank DOJ Deal Left Disparities So Protest Now Fed Rubber Stamps Provident

by Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Book Substack

SOUTH BRONX, NY, April 11– When the US Department of Justice sued and immediately settled with Lakeland Bank for fair lending violations, it announced a proposed merger with Provident Bank.

As if to sweep it under the carpet.

And when Fair Finance Watch looked into it, it found that the DOJ settlement did not address in any way the banks' disparities in New York. So on December 1, the FDIC's comment deadline, it filed a protest, with Inner City Press on the FOIA.

Jump cut to March 15, 2023, when Provident's Deputy General Counsel filed a letter with the New York Fed, cc-ing Rodgin Cohen - only on New Jersey, nothing on the disparities in New York.

On January 18 Provident asked two Board questions - by withholding the entire answers. Inner City Press immediately FOIAed: "The entire response is withheld, about fair lending compliance, including public commitments that are unfulfilled. This cannot stand; the information must be provided before the Board acts in any way on the application (other than denial.)"

Jump cut to mid-February: while still not providing the withheld past answer, the Fed asked more questions. Letter here.

On February 27 Provident provided spin, including that "under the consent order that it entered into with the U.S. Department of Justice.  These obligations require Lakeland Bank to, among other things, establish a $12  million loan subsidy fund to increase credit for consumers applying for loans in  majority-Black and Hispanic census tracts in a five-county area in and around  Newark, New Jersey" - but nothing where other disparities. Letter here.

On April 11, 2024, the Fed hauled off and approved, noting Inner City Press / Fair Finance Watch "objected to the proposal, alleging that in 2021, Provident Bank and Lakeland Bank made no home loans to African American individuals in New York State.30 30  The data cited by the commenter corresponds to publicly available 2021 data by Provident Bank and Lakeland Bank under HMDA. Following consummation of the proposed transaction, the combined organization will add to its assessment area Bronx and Kings counties, each of which includes a significant number of majority-minority and LMI communities... The Board also has considered the DOJ Consent Order, including Lakeland Bank’s efforts towards meeting its obligations under the DOJ Consent Order, and that the DOJ Consent Order binds Provident without further action by the Board." We'll see.

Watch this site.

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April 8, 2024

Amid Attack on CRA FirstSun HomeStreet Bid Hit on Disparities Now Belated Partial Response

by Matthew Russell Lee

SOUTH BRONX, April 1 – As US bank regulators talk about working to increase the fairness of the financial system, and closely scrutinizing mergers and the spread of bad practices, banks continue to assume they can combine.

  Before the Capital One - Discover proposal, and ABA lawsuit against the Community Reinvestment Act regulation, there was  FirstSun Capital Bancorp of Denver and Dallas saying it will merge with Homestreet, Inc. and Homestreet Bank of Seattle, Washington. 

  On February 23, 2024 Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA filed with the Federal Reserve: "FirstSun's flagship Sunflower Bank, in Texas in 2022, made 694 mortgage loans to whites, and only 41 to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 12 applications from African Americans, and only 34 from whites.   This is disparate, and more disparate both than the aggregate in Texas. 

    Nationwide in 2022, Sunflower Bank made 3059 mortgage loans to whites, and only 194 to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied 49 applications from African Americans, and only 259 from whites. 

   For the record, on managerial resources and otherwise, note that on September 27, 2023, FirstSun Capital Bancorp, the parent company of Sunflower Bank, Guardian Mortgage and First National 1870 (collectively, “Sunflower”), filed a notice of data breach with the Attorney General of California... an unauthorized party likely took advantage of the flaw in the MOVEit software and downloaded copies of files [containing] personally identifiable information."

   HomeStreet, meanwhile, is politely said to have had a "tough" 2023.

More than a month later, FirstSun emailed Fair Finance Watch and Inner City Press a response, referring to, but not providing copies of, letters of support it says it has procured. Nor has the Federal Reserve forwarded these along, or put them online. We'll have more on this.

     FFW and Inner City Press have been deeply concerned about the rush by the Federal Reserve to rubber-stamp mergers by redliners, money launderers and predatory lenders. This has been killing the Community Reinvestment Act and so a timely request public hearings.


April 1, 2024

Prosperity Bank Hit by CRA Challenge to Lone Star Bank now FDIC Condition Reimposed

By Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon

FEDERAL COURT / S Bronx, March 29 – Whether or not the U.S. Community Reinvestment Act will be again enforced under this Administration and its regulators including under the incoming divided Congress is an open question.

   On November 25, 2022 Fair Finance Watch with Inner City Press on the FOIA filed comments with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation against the applications by Prosperity Bank in Texas. In April 2023, the FDIC imposed conditions on one - and in March 2024, on the other, Lone Star.

November 25, 2022 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Attn: Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg Dallas Kristie K. Elmquist, Regional Director Julie V. Banfield, Deputy Regional Director Chris Finnegan

Re: Comment on Applications by Prosperity Bank, El Campo, Texas to acquire Lone Star Bank of West Texas and FirstCapital Bank of Texas, N.A. 

Dear Chairman Gruenberg, Regional Director Elmquist, Ass't Regional Director Finnegan and others at the FDIC:   This is a request for all information in the possession of the FDIC about, and a timely comment on, the Applications of Prosperity Bank, El Campo, Texas to acquire Lone Star Bank of West Texas and FirstCapital Bank of Texas, N.A. which appear on the FDIC website under "Applications In Process Subject to the CRA Report" with an initial comment periods running through December 16. This comment is timely.  

   The applicant Prosperity Bank in 2021 in Texas based on its disparate marketing made 5453 mortgage loans to whites -- while making only 188 loans to African Americans. Meanwhile it denied fully 94 applications from African Americans, versus only 1186 from whites. This is far out of keeping with the demographics, and others lenders, in Texas in particularly in Prosperity Bank's CRA assessment areas - this is outrageous.    

  The applicant Prosperity Bank in 2021 in Oklahoma based on its disparate marketing made 320 mortgage loans to whites -- while making only 38 loans to African Americans.  This is far out of keeping with the demographics, and others lenders, in Oklahoma in particularly in Prosperity Bank's CRA assessment areas - this is outrageous.   Very Truly Yours,     Matthew Lee, Esq.   Executive Director  Inner City Press/Fair Finance Watch

On April 6, 2024 sent April 10, the FDIC imposed this condition: "After a careful review of the concerns, the FDIC decided to approve the application with the following condition. This condition will help ensure the home mortgage lending needs of African American populations in Prosperity Bank’s assessment areas are met. Enhance the bank’s Fair Lending Action Plan (Plan) adopted by the Board of Directors of Prosperity Bank and submit changes to the FDIC for approval within 60 days of the application approval date. The Plan updates and revisions, as applicable, should provide strategies to improve the volume of home mortgage applications from, and originations to African American applicants within each of the designated assessment areas established in Texas. The Plan should also provide strategies to improve the volume of home mortgage applications from, and originations in majority-minority census tracts and majority-Hispanic tracts within designated assessment areas in Texas. The enhancements should be developed in the context of available demographic data, as well as safe and sound lending considerations, and provide for periodic review of the Bank's efforts, using measurable criteria, to assess actions and progress. The Bank will continue to provide quarterly updates to the FDIC's Dallas Regional Office detailing the Bank's progress under the Plan."

The condition was re-imposed in March 2024 when the FDIC approved the Lone Star Bank application. Watch this site.

Watch this site.

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March 25, 2024

FDIC Imposes CRA Condition After Mississippi Bank Merger Challenged by Fair Finance Watch

by Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Book Substack

SOUTH BRONX, March 23 – While the US bank regulators purport to be cracking down on fair lending and other abuses of consumers, they continue to allow banks of all sizes to pass exams and merge when they apply, despite deep disparities.  

On December 9, Fair Finance Watch (with Inner City Press on the FOIA) commented to the FDIC: Merchants & Marine Bank to acquire Mississippi River Bank:

   The applicant Merchants & Marine Bank in 2022 in  Mississippi based on its disparate marketing made 148mortgage loans to whites -- while making only 10 loans to African Americans. This is far out of keeping with the demographics, and others lenders, in Mississippi in particularly in Merchants & Marine Bank's CRA assessment areas. 

  In Alabama it is worse. And it would get worse in Louisiana, into which the bank is apply to expand via Mississippi River Bank.

   The applicant Merchants & Marine Bank in 2022 in Alabama based on its disparate marketing made 26 mortgage loans to whites -- and NONE. to African Americans.

 This is far out of keeping with the demographics, and others lenders, in Alabama in particularly in Merchants & Marine Bank's CRA assessment areas - this is outrageous. 

  There are other issues.... Fair Finance Watch is requesting an extension of the public comment period, evidentiary hearings and that, on the current record, the applications not be approved.

On March 19, 2024, the FDIC recounted Fair Finance Watch / Inner City Press' CRA protest and imposed a condition, to develop a plan to serve African American borrowers, we've uploaded it on DocumentCloud here.

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March 18, 2024

NYCB Was Gifted Signature Bank Now Otting Cash as CEO by Mnuchin Thumbs Nose at CRA

by Matthew Russell Lee, Patreon Book Substack

SOUTH BRONX / SDNY, March 16– With no public comment period, New York Community Bank was handed the 40 branches of Signature Bank, to re-open them as braches of Flagstar, which NYCB bought in a proceeding delayed by fair lending problems.

  Back in April 2021, Fair Finance Watch and Inner City Press predicted that the proposed merger of New York Community Bank and Flagstar would flounder, on disparate lending and regulatory evasions. And it was delayed.

  So, a fair lending rogue benefited from a bail out, or a bank with a former NYS Banking Superintendent Derrick Cephas, and Barney Frank, on its board of directors.

 Jump cut to early February 2024 and NYCB's stock price fell by 60%, Valley National down too.

On February 29, NYCB's long time CEO Thomas Cangemi was out and NYCB said it had "identified material weaknesses." Why didn't the regulators identify them, as Fair Finance Watch protested Flagstar, and on Signature?

Now the kicker: Steve Mnuchin invests, and taps as CEO of NYCB Joseph Otting, who led attacks on the Community Reinvestment Act, and scammed the CRA comment process when last he headed a bank.

 New York Community Bank CEO Joseph Otting will receive an annual base salary of $1.25 million, the bank disclosed in a Securities and Exchange Commission filing Friday.  Otting will also be eligible for an annual cash bonus with a target value of $2.25 million, but that amount could balloon to $4.5 million, according to the filing.  Otting is receiving a one-time, 10-year stock option award covering 15 million shares at $2 per share, NYCB said The options will vest over three years in equal quarterly installments, unless there’s a change in control of the bank. In that case, they’d vest immediately, the bank said.

So Otting may sell, or preside over the failure, of another bank, like OneWest.

We'll have more on this.

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March 4, 2024

Capital One Should Discover Merger Dead as FTC Hits Kroger & Inner City Press FOIAs Fed

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, Feb 26 – Capital One will apply to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. Public hearings should be held, not only on antitrust but also lending disparities at both companies. 

  On February 20 Capital One CEO Rich Fairbanks bragged about communications he's had with the regulators, then referred to "customary regulatory approvals." Inner City Press immediately submitted Freedom of Information Act requests to the Federal Reserve and OCC for all such communications. Both agencies confirmed receipt. The Fed wrote grandly that "You have provided facts regarding your qualification as a representative of the news media."

 But still no records as of March 2, when the FTC came out against Kroger's proposed $24.6B purchase of Albertsons, saying it "threatens shoppers & workers." So how could Capital One / Discover be approved?

February 26, 2024

Capital One Should Discover Merger Dead CEO Brags to Zombies Inner City Press FOIAs Fed

by Matthew R. Lee

SOUTH BRONX, Feb 20 – Capital One will apply to buy Discover, in an anticompetitive deal that should be rejected by regulators if they mean what they have been saying. Public hearings should be held, not only on antitrust but also lending disparities at both companies. 

  On February 20 Capital One CEO Rich Fairbanks bragged about communications he's had with the regulators, then referred to "customary regulatory approvals." Inner City Press immediately submitted Freedom of Information Act requests to the Federal Reserve and OCC for all such communications. Both agencies confirmed receipt.

 The call, a transcript of which was not posted hours later, consisted of largely craven questions from Capital One's stable of "analysts," including Goldman Sachs' Ryan Nash, TD Cohen's Moshe Orenbuch, from Citi an Aaron sitting in for Jill Shea, and finally JPMorgan's Rich Shane, who said "I'm not big on saying this on calls, but... congratulations." Really.

 As documented by Fair Finance Watch, Discover Bank in 2022 denied mortgage loans application from African Americans more than twice as frequently as those of whites. 

  Previously, Inner City Press and NCRC challenged Capital One's acquisition of ING Direct, see here.This time, given the antitrust enforcement claims being made in DC, this proposal should be dead in the water. Watch this site. 

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February 19, 2024